Politeknik & Kolej Komuniti Journal of Engineering and Technology

High Power Femtosecond Yb Mode-Locked Pulse Laser Generation Using Hybrid Nonlinear Polarisation Rotation and FePS3 2D Material

Mohamad Akmal Mohamad Lutfi — 2024-11-30

Developing high-power ultrashort pulse lasers is important for numerous advanced applications in science and technology, such as laser cutting and micromachining. Previous work in this area has often been limited to achieving low-power outputs, hindering the broader application potential of these lasers. This work demonstrated both high power and ultrashort pulses in ytterbium (Yb) mode-locked lasers by the integration of hybrid nonlinear polarisation rotation (NPR) with iron phosphate trisulfide (FePS₃) two-dimensional (2D) material saturable absorber (SA). The primary objective of this research is to enhance the performance of mode-locked fibre lasers, achieving ultrashort pulse durations and higher output power. A novel ytterbium-doped fibre laser (YDFL) system was designed, merging the advanced NPR technique with FePS₃-SA. The experimental configuration yielded a laser emitting at a central wavelength of 1077 nm, featuring an impressive 3-dB bandwidth of 19.8 nm, and generating pulse durations as brief as 0.14 ps. Operating at a repetition rate of 22.6 MHz, the laser achieved an outstanding signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) exceeding 60 dB. Furthermore, the hybrid mode-locked fibre laser exhibited optical peak and average output powers of 245 kW and 0.67 W, respectively. The successful deployment of this cutting-edge hybrid mode-locking technique opens new opportunities for groundbreaking research and innovation in the field of fibre lasers. This work not only demonstrates a significant leap in laser technology but also sets a new benchmark for future explorations and applications in ultrafast optics and photonics.

Characterisation of Adsorption Inhibitors of Cacao Peel Extract to Protect the Rate of Corrosion on Steel Surfaces

Yuli Yetri — 2024-11-30

Research has been conducted to investigate the use of biomass waste inhibitors derived from cocoa pod extract to reduce steel corrosion rates. Steel samples were pre-soaked in the inhibitor for 24, 72, 120, and 168 hours, followed by immersion in a corrosive HCl medium for 48, 96, and 144 hours. The corrosion rate was evaluated using the weight loss method, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis and Density Functional Theory (DFT) were employed to examine the HOMO/LUMO contours, molecular geometry, and structure. The weight loss method yielded the best results, with the lowest corrosion rate of 0.2972 mg/cm²/hour and inhibition efficiency of 74.71%, observed when the steel was soaked in the inhibitor for 168 hours and immersed in HCl for 48 hours. Morphological analysis using optical microscopy and SEM revealed that longer immersion in the inhibitor resulted in a smoother surface with fewer cracks. XRD analysis identified four distinct peaks corresponding to crystalline Fe and C phases, indicating reactions between the steel surface and the inhibitor. AFM analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between the duration of immersion in the inhibitor and the extent of adsorption on the steel surface. The DFT analysis showed that a molecule’s corrosion inhibition potential increases with higher EHOMO values, as this facilitates electron transfer to the steel surface. The optimization and computational analysis of tannin components interacting with the steel surface revealed a high inhibition efficiency of 80.21% for the cocoa pod extract inhibitor, suggesting its potential as an effective and sustainable solution for industrial corrosion control. These findings highlight the need for further optimization and scalability studies, with implications for the widespread use of natural inhibitors in various corrosive environments.

Exploring EEG-Based Biomarkers of Attention in an Individual with Eating Disorders Using Non-Invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces

Yunlong Xu — 2024-11-30

Eating disorders (ED) are complex health conditions characterised by abnormal eating behaviours, psychological distress, and often accompanied by cognitive impairments such as attention deficits. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these impairments is essential for developing targeted interventions. Electroencephalography (EEG), a non-invasive method for monitoring brain activity, has emerged as a promising tool to assess attention-related neural mechanisms in individuals with ED. This study explores the potential of using non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and EEG to identify attention-related biomarkers in individuals with ED. Specifically, the study investigates EEG correlates of attention in individuals experiencing recurrent binge eating episodes without significant weight gain, as defined by the DSM-5. A NeuroSky MindWave headset, equipped with a single dry electrode sensor placed on the frontal lobe was employed to capture EEG data during a steady-state condition of an individual with ED after sunset. The EEG data were analysed across the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. The results revealed distinct EEG patterns associated with attention in the individual with ED. The study also suggests that meal timing, particularly avoiding dinner within five hours of bedtime may enhance attentional responses. These findings underscore the potential of EEG as a non-invasive tool for understanding attention-related neural mechanisms in ED. The simplicity and accessibility of using a basic EEG headset could inform future therapeutic approaches and further assist clinicians in developing personalised and effective treatments for individuals with ED which ultimately improve cognitive function and clinical outcomes.

Enhancing Indoor Thermal Comfort Through Passive Design Strategies in a Hot-Humid Climate: A Case Study of Anjung Kelana, Malaysia

Zanariah Kasim — 2024-11-30

In hot-humid climates, using air conditioning to achieve comfort is often considered the most convenient solution. However, relying on air conditioning for comfort is unhealthy and detrimental to the environment. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of passive design strategies in enhancing indoor thermal comfort in hot-humid climates. Field data were collected from eight internal spaces within the Anjung Kelana residence in Port Dickson, Malaysia: Serambi, Anjung, Kitchen, Stairwell, Bedroom 1, Bedroom 2, Bath 1, and Bath 2. Three microclimate parameters i) air temperature (Ta), ii) wind velocity (v), and iii) relative humidity (RH) were measured to evaluate indoor comfort levels. The collected data were analysed and compared across different spaces and parameter values. The results highlight the positive impact of passive design strategies on indoor thermal comfort. These findings can provide valuable guidance for architects and building designers in selecting suitable passive design strategies to improve indoor comfort in hot-humid climates.

Evaluating Coffee Essential Oil for Sustainable and Natural Perfume Formulations

Mohd Affandi Mohd Ali — 2024-11-30

Perfumes are widely used cosmetic products that enhance personal appeal and boost self-confidence. Perfumes can be classified based on the proportion of fragrant oil, alcohol, and boosters derived from natural essential oils produced by aromatic plants. This study focuses on the development of a natural perfume formulation using coffee 434 essential oil, a novel ingredient with distinct aromatic properties and potential health benefits compared to synthetic perfumes. The research utilises an experimental approach that involves the extraction process of coffee 434 essential oil using Soxhlet and perfume formulation, assessment, and final product creation. Various fragrance blends were formulated by combining the essential oil with scents such as strawberry, peach, and vanilla. These formulations were evaluated for physiochemical properties, including pH, scent longevity, spot testing, flammability, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results showed that Strawberry B, Peach B, Vanilla A, and Original A exhibited the longest-lasting scents with minimal flammability. The FTIR spectra (400–4000 cm⁻¹) revealed O-H stretching vibrations of hydroxyl groups in coffee essential oil, peaking between 3000 and 2500 cm⁻¹. Notably, Peach B and Vanilla A achieved scent longevity up to 50 minutes and diffusion distances of 79 cm, confirming their suitability for personal use. These findings have significant implications for the local fragrance industry, highlighting the potential of coffee 434 essential oil to support sustainable and health-conscious alternatives to synthetic perfumes. By integrating natural ingredients, manufacturers can address growing consumer demand for eco-friendly products, reduce environmental impact, and offer safer options, positioning these formulations for wider adoption in both local and international markets.

Development of an IoT-Based Plant Watering System for Automated Irrigation

Muhamad Zaki Abdul Rahman — 2024-11-30

The growing demand for sustainable water management in agriculture highlights the need for more efficient irrigation systems. Traditional irrigation methods often lead to water wastage and inconsistent plant health due to issues of overwatering or underwatering. To address these challenges, this study presents the development of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based plant watering system (IoT-PWS) to automate and optimize the irrigation processes in various environments, including homes, offices, and gardens. The IoT-PWS integrates an ESP8266 microcontroller with sensors that monitor key environmental parameters, such as soil moisture, air temperature, humidity, and water levels. The system processes real-time data through the Blynk application, enabling remote monitoring and control. The use of time-series analysis allows for dynamic adjustments to irrigation schedules, ensuring optimal soil moisture and preventing rapid moisture declines. Testing demonstrated that the system maintained optimal moisture levels for approximately 73% of the time, confirming its effectiveness in diverse settings. While the system proved cost-efficient and adaptable, there remains potential for further improvements in sensor accuracy and water usage optimisation. This research contributes to the field of smart agriculture by offering a scalable solution for sustainable irrigation, which could play an important role in reducing water consumption and promoting healthier plant growth. Future enhancements may focus on improving sensor accuracy and further optimizing water usage strategies. This research would contribute to the broader field of sustainable agricultural practices by offering a scalable solution for automated irrigation management, promoting sustainable water usage and healthy plant growth.

Evaluating the Effects of Charging Rates on Lithium-Ion Battery Performance in Electric Scooters

Mohd Hisham Mokhtar — 2024-11-30

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are widely used in electric scooters due to their high energy density and long cycle life. However, their charging characteristics significantly impact efficiency, safety, and durability. This study examined the effects of varying constant current (C-rate) charging rates (0.1C, 0.5C, and 1.0C) on charging time, temperature stability, and battery health. The results demonstrated that higher C-rates substantially reduced charging time from 10 hours 40 minutes at 0.1C to 1 hour 40 minutes at 0.5C, and only 1 hour at 1.0C. However, higher C-rates also increased thermal stress, which could accelerate battery degradation. Chargers operating at 0.5C and 1.0C included cooling fans to regulate temperature, whereas the 0.1C charger, lacking active cooling, exhibited elevated temperatures, and posed thermal risks. To enhance safety and potentially extend battery life, an automated 70% capacity cut-off was introduced to prevent overcharging. These findings highlight the trade-off between charging efficiency and battery lifespan, suggesting that although faster charging reduces downtime, it may adversely affect long-term battery health. Further research involving multiple charge cycles is needed to assess the long-term effects and optimise charging strategies for Li-ion batteries in electric scooters. This study contributes to knowledge by providing critical insights into the balance between charging efficiency, and battery longevity, and provide support to the development of optimised charging strategies for Li-ion batteries in electric scooters. Further studies involving multiple charge cycles are recommended to quantify long-term effects and enhance charging protocols for safer and more durable battery use.

Effects of Structural, Electrical and Raman Properties of Al-Doped TiO2 Thin Films Acquired by Sol-gel Spin Coating Method

Nor Damsyik Mohd Said — 2024-11-30

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is well known for its excellent photocatalytic properties and potential applications, particularly in gas sensing. However, its high resistivity can limit its performance in such applications. This study explores the effect of aluminium (Al) doping on the structural, electrical, and Raman properties of TiO2 thin films, to optimise their performance for gas sensor applications. TiO2 films were prepared with varying Al concentrations (1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 6 wt.%) using the sol-gel spin coating method. The films were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), current-voltage (IV) measurements, and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that doping with 3 wt.% Al significantly improves the structural, electrical, and Raman properties of the films, yielding the lowest resistivity value of 734.873 Ω-cm and the most pronounced anatase peak in the Raman spectra. These findings indicate that 3 wt.% Al doping optimises TiO2 thin films for gas sensor applications, offering potential improvements for environmental and industrial sensing technologies.

Enhancing Woodball Performance: Assessing the Effectiveness of the Ball Placement Jig for Beginners

Muhamad Syirazi Suhaimi — 2024-11-30

Woodball is a skill-based game where success depends on achieving the fewest successful hits on the gate. The main factor in performance is the player’s ability to consistently align and place the ball accurately. However, many players, particularly beginners, struggle with maintaining proper alignment, which negatively impacts their game. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Ball Placement Jig, a training tool designed to improve ball alignment and placement for beginner woodball players. Woodball success relies on precise alignment and accurate ball placement, yet beginners often struggle with these skills, leading to reduced performance. Twenty participants were assessed on their ability to hit the ball through the gate under two conditions: with and without the jig. Results showed a significant improvement, with successful gate-ins rising from 12% without the jig to 51% with it. Survey feedback indicated the jig’s ease of use and suitability for beginners across genders, highlighting its potential to enhance practice sessions, build player confidence, and support skill development. The findings suggest that the Ball Placement Jig is an effective tool for fostering engagement and growth in woodball, particularly for novice players.

Development of Internet of Things (IoT) Based by Using Blynk for Irrigation and Fertigation System

Siti Salwa Samsuri — 2024-11-30

Urban agriculture provides innovative solutions to meet the growing demand for sustainable food production in areas with limited ground availability, particularly in densely populated urban regions. A significant challenge for urban gardeners and plant enthusiasts is maintaining plant health during prolonged absences, often resulting in dehydration and plant loss. This research introduces a smart irrigation system designed to automate plant care and enhance convenience. The system incorporates a soil moisture sensor, a liquid ultrasonic sensor, and the Blynk application for efficient monitoring and management of irrigation processes. Inventor software was used to design the system, construct circuits, and develop an intuitive application interface. The system operates autonomously, watering plants when low soil moisture is detected, while also enabling users to manually activate irrigation via a mobile application during extreme weather conditions or emergencies. Real-time data on soil moisture and water levels are transmitted to the user’s mobile device through the internet, ensuring seamless remote control and monitoring. The methodology involved integrating hardware and software components, calibrating the system, and conducting performance evaluations to validate its reliability. Experimental results demonstrated the system’s capability to maintain optimal plant health by addressing dehydration risks effectively. This research offers a practical, efficient, and user-friendly solution for urban gardeners, contributing to the development of innovative and sustainable urban agriculture practices. By addressing key challenges associated with plant care in restricted environments, the system could promote convenience, reliability, and improved plant vitality in modern living spaces, advancing the potential for smart urban farming solutions.

Optimising the Performance of 110cc Engines for Fuel-Efficient Vehicle Design in the Shell Eco-Marathon

Khairul Anuar Idris — 2024-11-30

The Shell Eco-Marathon (SEM) is an internationally recognised competition that inspires higher education students to develop innovative, fuel-efficient vehicle designs, emphasising sustainability and engineering excellence. A major challenge in this endeavour lies in optimising engine performance, particularly for small-capacity engines such as the 110cc, which require precise tuning to achieve superior thermal efficiency and minimal fuel consumption. This study addresses this challenge by developing detailed brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency maps through dynamometer testing of a 110cc engine. The results demonstrated a maximum torque of 7.31 Nm at 5500 RPM, a peak brake power of 5.33 kW at 7500 RPM, and optimal operating conditions at 5000 RPM with a load of 5.42 Nm, achieving a minimum BSFC of 347.3 g/kWh and a maximum thermal efficiency of 23.87%. These findings provide practical insights into the engine’s most efficient operating range, enabling the design of optimised drivetrains that enhance vehicle performance and reduce energy consumption. By harnessing these insights, SEM participants can contribute to advancing sustainable engineering solutions while achieving competitive excellence.

Optimising Energy Consumption in Educational Facilities: A Case Study on Energy Conservation Practices in Malaysia

Syahrunizam Buyamin — 2024-11-30

As environmental sustainability and energy consumption become growing concerns, educational institutions are increasingly implementing energy-saving practices to reduce their environmental impact. In Malaysia, the government’s commitment to improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions provides an ideal context for investigating energy conservation in educational facilities. However, many buildings still experience high energy consumption, leading to increased operational costs and environmental impact, underscoring the need for targeted energy-saving initiatives. This study investigates campus energy optimisation in a Malaysian educational facility, evaluating the impact of energy conservation practices on consumption, costs, and carbon emissions. The methodology consists of four stages: energy audits, implementation of energy-saving measures (ESMs), measurement and verification (M&V) of energy savings, and data analysis. Several important interventions include retrofitting lighting systems, optimising HVAC operations, and installing voltage optimisation units. Results of this study showed a 13.26% reduction in energy consumption, a 13.50% decrease in energy costs, and a reduction of 38,660.35 kg of CO₂ emissions per month. These findings highlight the effectiveness of ESMs in reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. By analysing the impact of these ESMs on energy consumption and costs, the study provides valuable insights that can serve as a model for other educational institutions seeking to improve energy efficiency and reduce their environmental impact. The findings suggest continuous monitoring and integration of renewable energy solutions could optimise campus energy use. This research underscores the potential for long-term sustainability by adopting energy-saving technologies and practices that reduce operational costs and carbon footprints. Ultimately, the study offers a replicable framework for educational institutions aiming to enhance energy performance and contribute to broader environmental sustainability goals.

Design and Evaluation of a Smart Jacket for Enhancing Safety in Individuals with Hearing Loss and Non-Verbal Impairments

Nurrul Asmar Azhan — 2024-11-30

Technology plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life for individuals with hearing loss and non-verbal impairments, particularly through advancements in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). This study focuses on designing a smart jacket to improve personal safety by integrating features such as global positioning system (GPS) tracking, light emitting diode (LED) signalling, and a life-saving mechanism activated by a single button. When the button is pressed, it triggers global system for mobile communications (GSM) and GPS modules, sending visual and audible alerts while tracking the user’s location. A survey involving 50 respondents, including members of the Malaysia Federation of the Deaf and students from Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, was conducted to evaluate the jacket's design, usability, and overall acceptance. The results revealed high levels of satisfaction, with mean scores of 3.76 for design, 3.89 for usability, and 3.85 for overall acceptance. These findings suggest that the jacket meets user expectations and demonstrates significant potential to enhance outdoor safety for the target population. The practical implications of the jacket include reducing the vulnerability of people with hearing loss and non-verbal impairments in emergencies by providing reliable communication and location tracking. Moreover, it underscores the importance of user-centred design in assistive technology, paving the way for further innovations in wearable safety devices for individuals with disabilities. By leveraging the 4IR technologies, this multifunctional jacket addresses critical safety needs and contributes to improving the independence and well-being of individuals in modern society.

Intention to Recycle E-Waste Among TVET Institution Practitioners: Analysing Factors Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling

Wan Zuraida Wan Yusoff — 2024-11-30

The widespread adoption of electronic devices has enhanced modern lifestyles but also accelerated the generation of electronic waste (e-waste) due to shorter product lifespans. To address this challenge, an e-waste collection centre was established at Polytechnic Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah (POLISAS). However, limited utilization of the collection box has resulted in low e-waste recovery compared to the institution's high gadget usage. This study investigates the behavioural factors influencing e-waste recycling intentions among POLISAS staff, focusing on environmental knowledge, attitudes, and subjective norms. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), data from 85 staff members were analyzed. Results indicate a strong intention to recycle e-waste (mean = 4.109), with attitudes and subjective norms showing significant positive correlations with recycling intentions. However, environmental knowledge and awareness were not significant predictors. From an engineering standpoint, these findings suggest that effective e-waste management systems must prioritize social and behavioural drivers. Engineering solutions could include optimizing collection infrastructure, integrating user-friendly systems, and leveraging social influence through strategic campaigns. These approaches are critical for enhancing recycling rates in educational institutions and addressing the broader issue of e-waste. This research highlights the importance of engineering systems designed to support and promote sustainable behaviours, contributing to improved e-waste management and fostering environmentally responsible practices within institutional settings.